Cupcake Business

I conducted extensive market research and I have considered this project, because I found in my survey that having a cup cake shop is a lucrative business. The shop will specialise only in cupcakes. I have my own unique recipes. This is one of the things which is my strength. Not many people have their own unique recipes. To enable my business to prosper I have the notion of implementing special offers, which introduces the business to the customer. I am lucky enough to have found a good chef which works alongside me to create new flavours. The decisions about the recipes are made by me and the chef, but I have the final word. The structure of the business will be as a Sole Trader. This is the fastest and easiest way of setting up a new business. This type of structure could be danger, because I am responsible with my property.LocationFinding right location is a main key to maintaining a successful business. The ideal location is the centre of town. There are a lot of people passing by. The research I have done shows me that, there aren`t any similar shops within a radius of 10 miles. Opposite the shop is the town`s main bus station, where people can have cupcakes while they are waiting for the bus. My research shows, that there is Primary school and Secondary school right behind the shop. The parents which collect their children pass by the shop. They can also take a good look at what we are offering by looking at the big window display. The smell of freshly made cupcakes will be one of the things, which the children can catch early in the morning.FinanceTo start up the cupcake business you will need approximately  £40,000. I have  £10,000 capital, but I will need a loan from the bank for the additional  £30,000. The research I have done and the special advice I have been given says, that I am not entitled to get a personal loan more than  £20,000. But because of the structure of my business as a sole trader I have an option of getting the full amount of  £30,000. I have a good tailored business plan which has enabled me to obtain the business loan I need. I will be responsible with my own property and this will secure the loan. The loan which will suit me is with a fixed interest rate and equal monthly instalments.Internal informationAll organisations generate a substantial amount of information relating to their operation. This internal information is vital to the successful management of the organisation. The information may be available from a number of sources within the organisation, for example: Marketing and sales information on performance, revenues, markets shares, distribution channels. Sales figures and sales research are very reliable sources of information, because the consumer tells you what they want. Production and operational information on assets, quality, standards.This information will help me to reinvent products to help them sell better. Financial information all on profits, costs, margins, cash, flows, i nvestments. The information about the profits will show me in what direction my business is going in and where I can improve my financial position. Internal documentation such as order forms, invoices, credit notes, procedural manuals. The internal documents are important part of doing an audit. The results of doing an audit also relates to finances.External informationAn external source of information is concerned with what is happening beyond the boundaries of the organisation. This covers any documentation relating to a subject area produced as a summary or detailed report by an agency external to an organisation. Such information may be obtainable from government agencies or private information providers. Examples might include: Telephone directories – this could be used to check for existing companies that are similar. Judgments on court cases – helps to prevent a mistakes made by someone else.Legislation – Food Hygiene Certificate, Health and Safety Certif icate, Fire Safety Certificate. Professional publications – helps to find the right way of running a successful business. Financial services – banks, accountants, solicitors, lawyers. The internet – in today`s days the people use internet most of the time. Social media sites are very popular and are also used as a place where you can advertise your business and generate customers.SummaryMy business would run at a profit if I attract my customers with special offers. This will include discounts for kids and elderly. Regular customers will also be entitled to get a discount for their loyalty. There will be various levels of discounts for corporate clients, depending on how much they order. Low prices and good quality will help me to generate a lot of customers. One of the foundations for starting up a new business is my unique recipes. They are designed by me, but the chef who is going to work with me helps me to prepare them. The recipes are a combination of unus ual flavours and designs.This will also help me to attract new customers. The environment which I provide to the customers must be nice, clean and friendly. When people are in my cupcakes shop, I want them to feel relaxed and comfortable. The staff that I employ will be trained in customer service. They will be polite and respectful. Often team-building is helpful for developing a good relationship between the staff. They also can come up with new ideas, which can be discussed and put into action. I have a good location which is near a bus station, schools and few office buildings. The research I have done shows me that throughout the day nearly 3000 people passing by the shop. The location is ideal for this type of business. To improve my business in future I will make plans for expansion following the above steps. Opening a chain is a good improvement.

Gender Essay Topics Options

Gender Essay Topics Options Gender Essay Topics Secrets Free Gender Discrimination essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. It's not intended to be exhaustive. To make certain that your paper doesn't discriminate anyone, attempt to imagine that you're reading it to the mixed audience of unique genders. After you select the topic, it's now time to find out more about the paper. Yet your essay is going to be written in the identical way, with fidelity to the source. The response to the disturbing question like how to compose a compare and contrast essay starts with the structure of this sort of academic writing. Going through our gender essay samples will provide you insight in your writing. Written-from-scratch customized essay example on the subject of gender inequalities. The introduction is a significant portion of the gender equality essay. The remarkable progress in this subject is just one of the great gender inequality essay topics. There are many everyday scenarios where specific gender stereotypes are found. Remember that your personal experience is quite critical in gender research. Typically, homework help website is the best place to discover suitable the gender equality argumentative essay topics you desire. Sexual orientation is all about attraction. Resume Samples and templates to help you make your own Resume BSR is a group of thousands of unique resumes for assorted job profiles. With the selection of work over family is called the feminist model, that is the priority of a career. In Canada, women are thought of as terrible drivers. In the job place however it's the women on the receiving end in case of deviation. Concerning pain thresholds, it appears that women are somewhat more susceptible and vulnerable. In the end, women are not weaker than men with regard to pain, they just need to deal with more of it. The women are stepping beyond the home. The women on the flip side, will almost ce rtainly receive little attention. In addition, it involve all sort of human being no matter we're a guy or a woman. Furthermore, it will likewise persuade a person to put others down due to their gender or believe that they're not able to do a specific job just since they are either male or female. For quite a while, gender has maintained a substantial influence in the way in which people conduct themselves in the society. For example, the way the adult stereotype the gender will help determine the kids. Gender roles and relations still play a role in perpetuating inequality, and the consequences of gender roles in regard to childhood, family life and on the job. In the current society, it means so much more than it used to. Although it is not as simple as may seem. Thus, the gender doesn't mean anything. Many people believe that gender plays an extremely important part in the society. Playing with what's considered gender appropriate toys is 1 way children start to form their gender identities. Everyone understands gender. There's an overall expectation from both genders on the way in which the other gender should behave. Gender research exists in order to allow you to understand clearly the overall notion of gender. Gender policies are commonly discussed in the current society. The essay isn't the simplest task to master. It's a one-sentence overview of the full text your essay summarizes. Students write much better papers when they have some great examples in front of those. Gender Essay Topics - the Story Instead, you could concentrate on the psychological component of aging in the LGBT community This topic takes on a sociological perspective which provides you a variety of methods to go about doing it. Your essay may revolve around gender issues from different areas of the world such as women rights in the Middle East and so forth. You don't necessarily have to analyze the life span of people from precisely the same region or field of activity. Write about the evolution and passage of Title IX.

Book Analysis The Big Book - 1408 Words

Core Pages The core pages in the Big Book structure their information in a step by step fashion. It begins with Bill’s Story. The story of how Bill started his own journey through alcoholism and became a founding member of A.A. The following chapters target the alcoholic in different areas of their life. Chapter two and three talk about how, through science, spirituality, and personal experience, the founding authors discovered the solution to their alcoholic illness and the ways they could beat it. Chapter four targets the alcoholic who may shy away from the religious or spiritual talk about â€Å"God† and how the program handles the idea of God or a â€Å"higher power† as those in the group see it. Chapter five and six are the nuts†¦show more content†¦Chapter nine expands on the spousal role and incorporates the entire family system. As with any disease, the alcoholic will be a key issue in how the family operates, thinks, and feels. The chapter discu sses these issues and brings up points of possible emotions that I found would be helpful for the family to be conscious of in their alcoholic relative and in themselves. Chapter ten is a piece written by a business man who initially fired alcoholics and later began to understand their plight as his own. The instances of death and suicide after the businessman fired the individuals led the businessman to drink himself but, later on, begin to help those with alcoholism deal with their issues and work to keep their jobs. Another important piece to this chapter is that the employer can have options once the alcoholic maintains the job. The Big Book even discusses how the employer could use the alcoholic as a liaison to help others in his workforce. Finally, chapter eleven discusses how the alcoholic, fully accepting his recovery, will not seek to drink again. The alcoholic will change the people, places, and things that have made them an alcoholic as much as possible and will live a li fe of sobriety and become a living success for others. The chapter reiterates Doctor Bob and Bill’s first visit together and their eventual creation of Alcoholics Anonymous. Lastly, the chapter continues

Teaching English As A Second Language - 1422 Words

Introduction To enable all students to learn and engage with the learning areas in the classroom, teachers employ a variety of teaching methodologies across all learning areas. Choosing an appropriate teaching methodology will make the process of teaching English as a second language easier and more rewarding for the teachers and students, and increase the likelihood of success. In this research, I will analyses a video clip of an ESL/EFL teacher and class in action for reflection on and evaluating the mythology to promote language learning. The video clip chosen for analysis is from lessons included in Harmer (2007) published by YouTube. It covers adult class (pre-intermediate) during the lesson titled Kit teaches students to ask for and give directions. The class are learning English as a second language (ESL) and there are around 15 students from variety countries. Lesson Summary The clip can be viewed as a sequence of â€Å"episodes† where each episode is â€Å"a bonded unit which roughly correlates with a single teaching activity† (Gibbons, 2006:95). The class follows the task-based teaching structure found to be common in English as a second language and moves from listening tasks to a speaking task. In the first episode (0:03), the teacher writes the topic and what activities they will focus on in his teaching on the whiteboard. In the second episode (0:53), the teacher requires the students to write two questions which they will answer before the first listeningShow MoreRelatedTeaching English As A Second Language2086 Words   |  9 Pages Teaching English as a Second Language to an Elementary School Student’s Name: Institution: Instructors name: Date: Introduction According to Celce-Mursia (2001), teaching English to people who speak other languages (TESOL) refers to a learning process by which people whose native language is not English are taught how to read, write, understand and successfully communicate in English. He notes that different shortened forms are used to refer to the same concept in different parts ofRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language3062 Words   |  13 Pagesstudy is testing the possibility of adopting the LCA to improve teaching English as a second language in Iraq. Therefore, an implementation attempt would be conducted to use the LCA in the country’s specific context. The teaching experiment is the main research methodology. For data collection methods, three would be utilized: the questionnaire, the interview, and observation. This chapter focuses on the study’s main methodology, the teaching experiment, and how work proceeded. It also presents the dataRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language1866 Words   |  8 PagesTerm Paper Teaching English as a second language can be a difficult task and the challenges that teachers face vary greatly from student to student and classroom to classroom. The internship working Professor Jesse Stewart and his students from his ESL 116 class was eye opening and great opportunity to work with students who had a range of English levels. Each student was unique in that they learned differently, had different language backgrounds and had different language abilities but one thingRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language Learners1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthe global in mere seconds. With new interpreting apps even being in a foreign country no longer has a language barrier for tourist encouraging more travel. Schools across the United States are reflecting this trend as teachers are more likely to encounter students who know more than one language or who are learning English as a second language. Having students who are English second language learners (ESL) in the clas sroom changes the learning environment as different teaching techniques are usedRead MoreTeaching Students With English As Their Second Language868 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching students with English as their second language comes with its own set of challenges. To effectively teach first I need to understand what the students already know. Through my class Assessment for Learning I was taught not all assessments give you the same information. Formative assessment guides instruction because it is usually a quick snapshot which identifies what the student has mastered or still needs to work on. Summative assessments are usually what we stereotypically think of asRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Or Foreign Language1635 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review. Several recent studies illustrate that student disaffection in English Language classrooms is a very real problem in many counties. In the following studies various terms are used to describe English Language Learning. The abbreviations: ESL (English as a Second Language), EFL (English as a Foreign Language), and ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) are used within the context of each of the following studies in keeping with the original authors’ terminology. The commonRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language Instruction1302 Words   |  6 PagesAs a student teacher, I find it extremely important to learn and reflect on language acquisition theories made by many different theorist. As New Zealand is becoming more and more culturally and ethnically diverse (Stats NZ, 2013). This means classrooms will be more diverse. Hence it is important to have knowledge pedagogically on how teacher deliver a second language lesson and how to support ESOL students. Looking a t Krashen’s theory, it is broken down into five hypothesis. Acquisition/learningRead MoreTeaching Students With English As Their Second Language805 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: #5A Course Name and Instructor’s Name: EDUC 886 Assessment for Learning Teaching students with English as their second language comes with its own set of challenges. To effectively teach I first need to understand what the students already know. Through my class Assessment for Learning I was taught not all assessments yield the same information. Formative assessment guides instruction because it is a quick snapshot which identifies what the student has mastered or still needs to work onRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Or Foreign Language1407 Words   |  6 Pages In addition to teaching students through a variety of methods, teachers should also provide students with the tools necessary for them to be autonomous learners. According to Celce-Murcia’s Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, â€Å"one of the greatest challenges† facing both educators and learners is building ELL’s academic vocabularies (Celce-Murcia et al., 2013, p. 164). According to Larson (2013), active engagement encourages students to know definiti ons of words, â€Å"make connectionsRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language And Culture3962 Words   |  16 PagesTeaching Philosophy; Language Development, Diversity, Education and Culture 9 Teaching English as a Second Language and Culture A Bilingualism Study Ana Miranda Texas AM of Commerce Abstract This paper is primarily intended to present detailed examination about bilingualism and bilingual education from a teaching and student perspective. In first instance, I will deal with some of the definitions of these terms. Following this, I

Failure of Reconstruction Free Essays

Failure of Reconstruction Reconstruction is defined as a thing that has been rebuilt after being damaged or destroyed. Following the civil war the South was very much damaged both physically and emotionally. The radical republicans tried to reshape the south for their own benefit which was unsuccessful across the board for many reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Failure of Reconstruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ultimately reconstruction failed to accomplish the goals of the free blacks and radical republicans because the radicals wanted a hard reconstruction of the south that was unrealistic because it neglected the life goals of the newly freed African Americans. Once the thirteenth amendment ended slavery the newly freed blacks of the south had some important goals in mind. In the source â€Å"Jourdon Anderson, Letter To P. H. Anderson† Jourdon discusses his objectives as a free man which included the wages he earned working for his former master, education and protection of his children, and to be treated with respect ( Reading, 159). It was not just Jordon who wished these things; all of the newly freed blacks were seeking these goals and other goals as well. Even though the radical republicans strongly opposed slavery, their goals during reconstruction did not exactly support the black’s goals. Radical republicans aimed for a hard reconstruction of the south that would erase the gross inequalities in wealth created by slavery. They believed the best way to accomplish this was by dividing up the land in the south. Taking the land away from the rebels and selling it to the freedmen. Radicals firmly believed the property of the rebels should pay for the national debt caused by the Civil War (Reading, 161). The southerners did not support this idea whatsoever. They are extremely angry with Thaddeus Stevens for wanting to divide up their land, land that has been in their families for generations, and give that land to black people (Reading, 161). Southerners tried to recruit former slaves back to their farms in order to keep a small part of slavery existing (Reading, 159). Ultimately the white southerners wanted to establish white supremacy. They did so with violence, enlisting fear in the blacks and interracial couples by lynching (Reading, 169). Georges Clemencau was a French physician and journalist, covered Washington politics for a French newspaper. In the source â€Å"U. S. Senate, Reports On ‘Outrages Committed By Disloyal Persons’† Clemencau talks about the double standard the U. S. government has for military and civil heads of the Confederate government. He talks about how the whites forcefully get what they want in any way they want weather it’s unconstitutional or not (Reading, 167). The goals of the radical republicans revolved around making the southerners pay for the war damages, giving blacks a chance to be free people, and eliminating the vas variations in wealth among the slave owners. While these goals seam realistic, the extent in which the radical republicans wanted them done was not. As well as these goals could not be completed without support from others, and the white southerners did not support these goals. The free blacks reinforced these goals, but they were not at the top of their list of goals following the abolition of slavery. Thusly causing reconstruction to fail for lack of support and the vast amount of sacrifice they demanded from the southerners. How to cite Failure of Reconstruction, Papers

Hoover v. rosevelt Essay Example For Students

Hoover v. rosevelt Essay Hoover v. RoseveltA liberal favors modification and generally utilizes government involvement to promote social change. On the other hand a conservative has a more traditional viewpoint and tends to oppose change. While President Hoover is commonly thought of as a conservative and President Roosevelt a liberal the disarray and the status of the nation gave them no time to decipher their tendencies. It was through their recourse and reforms that we can now say these things all the while never fully knowing but never forgetting their predicament. In times where everything by which people have based their lives falls and crumbles to the ground. These people had to watch the things you have given your life to, broken, and stoop and build them with worn out tools. When something, such as this has changed the times so immensely and brought the nation into a seemingly endless hole the only way to recover is to fill the hole back up or crawl out. While a liberal may promote change, change wa s the only option in these desperate times. Both Hoover and Roosevelt were preserving the country through alteration. Hoover changed to keep it the same, to keep the tradition, to conserve the nation. Roosevelt changed to make it better, to help the common man, to restore liberty. Thus, deriving the terms that Roosevelt was a liberal and Hoover a conservative. The nation had taken a devastating plunge in 1929, the Great Depression had struck, Hoover President at the time. The country was plummeting and Hoover held out his hand, although the people too scared to be saved let themselves fall deeper (Document D). Hoover believed that by giving the rich tax breaks and giving money to big businesses the money would eventually redistribute itself and Trickle Down from the top. By doing so people would keep their morale and with their character saved they would eventually gain their own ground. Hoover had reforms, his anti-depression strategies consisted of voluntary measures Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncementThe best contribution of government lies in encouragement of this voluntary cooperation of the community (Document B). This showed that the people would have to make the effort not the government, where as the liberal view might stand, as saying Hoover should have supplied them all with aid a nd conformed to society. Hoover died try to limit production, cut taxes, lower spending, and instilled a doctorate of Public Works more than rigorous than ever before. I recommend large appropriations for loans to rehabilitate agriculture from the drought and provision of further lager sums for public works and construction in the drought territory (Document C). Though his efforts valiant and interests in which he figured to be best at the time his programs did not seem to do much for the common man and by these people he was considered out of touch. Thanks to the Keynesian Economics and Roosevelts personal belief in a deficit. A plan was devised to spend more money and get it circulating again. As the deficit went up the U.S. slowly pulled themselves from the depths of the depression (Document F).The New Deal entailed three main goals; relief, recovery and reform. The programs under each of the three categories were founded upon the ideals of liberalism. In that they wanted to touc h and aid the masses. Roosevelt said, Out of strains and stresses of these years we have come to see that the true conservative is the man who has a real concern for in justices and inequalities as arise from it. The most serious threat to our institutions comes for those who refuse to face the need for change. Liberalism becomes the protection for the far-sighted conservative (Document G). Roosevelt believed that NOW was the time and acted upon those thoughts. He came a long way and he was going to continue to work as long as problems arose. (Document H). This may be the line that separates Hoover and Roosevelt, Hoover probably would have ceased here although FDR presued farther. .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 , .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .postImageUrl , .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 , .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83:hover , .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83:visited , .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83:active { border:0!important; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83:active , .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83 .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24dd830c37e0118ea1bb60adb05edf83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism 3 EssayAlthough they were a part of different parties and held different beliefs but were reaching for the same star in the very distant sky. I dont believe that Hoover had any intentions of making things worse he was just doing what he thought to be best at the time. You will never know how great of a person lies within until they have been given a trying circumstance to overcome. Roosevelt and Hoover were definitely given that. Hoover had reforms much like President Regans (another conservative) in the 1980s but both Hoover and Regan left the nation in economical turmoil. Wise and prudent men-intelligent conservatives-have long known that in a changing world worth y institutions can be conserved only by adjusting them to changing time I am that kind of conservative because I am that kind of liberal (Document G). Hoover changed to keep it the same, to keep the tradition, to conserve the nation. Roosevelt changed to make it better, to help the common man, to restore liberty. Thus, deriving the terms that Roosevelt was a liberal and Hoover a conservative.

Kant Essays - Social Philosophy, Kantianism, Deontological Ethics

Kant Kant starts off making two distinctions regarding kinds of knowledge, empirical/rational and formal/material. Empirical or experience-based knowledge is compared with rational knowledge, which is independent of experience. This distinction between empirical and rational knowledge rests on a difference in sources of evidence used to support the two different kinds of knowledge. Formal is compared with material knowledge. Formal knowledge has no specific subject matter; it is about the general format of thinking about any subject matter whatsoever. Material knowledge is of a specific subject matter, either nature or freedom. Rational knowledge is metaphysics, of which there are two branches, the metaphysics of nature and of morals. The metaphysics of nature is supposed to provide rational knowledge of the laws of nature. These are not empirical laws; they are more like universal principles of nature that any empirical physical would presuppose, such as that no event in nature occurs without a natural cause. The metaphysics of freedom is supposed to provide knowledge of the laws of freedom. These are the universal rules, which free agents form to govern them. Therefore, Kant's grounding, his initial attempt at a critique of rational reason, is an investigation of the possibility of purely rational knowledge of morals. Take, for example, the Moral Rule: Thou shall not lie. If the moral law is valid as the basis of moral obligation or duty, then it must be necessary. Kant using the word necessity means that the rule obligates or binds whatever the conditions or in all circumstances. It also means that the rule applies to all rational beings and not only to human beings. In this second sense we can say that the rule is universally binding. So in fact, moral rules are universal and necessary. If a moral rule is to be universal and necessary, the moral law must be derived from concepts of pure reason alone. Therefore, if a moral rule or law can only be derived from reason alone, there must be a pure moral philosophy whose task is to provide such a derivation. According to Kant good will and only a good will is intrinsically good. Kant distinguishes two different types of intrinsic or extrinsic goods. If a thing is only extrinsically good, then it is possible for that thing not to be good, or to be bad or evil. Intrinsic goodness is goodness in itself; if a thing is intrinsically good, its goodness is essential to it; and its goodness is not a function of factors other than itself. Kant holds that only a good will, not happiness, is intrinsically good. The idea that it is reason rather than natural impulse that guides action for the sake of happiness is false. Parts of a person perform their functions by surviving and this provides happiness for the person. Reason functions poorly in serving that purpose; instinct does better job. Natural instinct rather than reason provides better for happiness. Kant distinguishes between having a reason to act and acting for a reason. The motivating reason is the reason for which agent acts. A justifying reason is the reason that justifies, warrants, and provides the criterion of rightness for the action. The agent's motivating reason might or might not provide a justifying reason for his action. Kant then defines three types of motivating reasons. One type of non-moral motivation is natural motivation. Action in accord with duty is motivated by immediate or direct inclination. Direct inclination includes such motives as love, sympathy, instinct for self-preservation, or the desire for happiness. The other type of non-moral motivation is prudence. An action in agreement with duty, but motivated by prudence, is action motivated by the pursuit of self-interest or happiness. Since all human beings naturally desire happiness, prudential motivation is indirectly motivated by a natural motivation. Moral motivation is the third type of motivation. The action is not only in agreement with duty, but motivated by duty, done from duty, or for sake of duty. The agent's motivating reason, the reason for which he acts, is that the action is what morality demands and he wants above all to do what reason demands.